Their ethnic solidarity came to shape the Ayyubid family's actions in their political career. In retaliation, Saladin twice besieged Kerak, Raynald's fortress in Oultrejordain, in 1183 and 1184. März1193inDamaskus) war von 1171 Sultan von… On 15 May, Nur ad-Din died after falling ill the previous week and his power was handed to his eleven-year-old son as-Salih Ismail al-Malik. [50] Das soll den Preis für Sklaven so gedrückt haben, dass man einen christlichen Sklaven für ein Paar Sandalen eintauschen konnte. Die etwa 15.000 nicht Freigekauften – 7000 Männer sowie 8000 Frauen und Kinder – gerieten in Saladins Gefangenschaft. Saladin, or Salah al-Din, was a famous Muslim hero. After a few Ayyubid raids—including attacks on Zir'in, Forbelet, and Mount Tabor—the Crusaders still were not tempted to attack their main force, and Saladin led his men back across the river once provisions and supplies ran low. Although the exact number of casualties is not known, it is said, this completely destroyed the Muslim army and they were in a … [126] Despite the Crusaders' slaughter when they originally conquered Jerusalem in 1099, Saladin granted amnesty and free passage to all common Catholics and even to the defeated Christian army, as long as they were able to pay the aforementioned ransom (the Greek Orthodox Christians were treated even better, because they often opposed the western Crusaders). On 4 July 1187, at the Battle of Hattin, he faced the combined forces of Guy of Lusignan, King Consort of Jerusalem, and Raymond III of Tripoli. The Christians would be allowed to travel as unarmed pilgrims to Jerusalem, and Saladin's kingdom would be at peace with the Crusader states for the following three years. Hauptpersonen sind der jüdische Kaufmann Nathan und seine Tochter Recha, Sultan Saladin und der Tempelritter Leu von Filnek. Ziel war es, Schawar als Wesir in Ägypten durchzusetzen. It did not pose a threat to the passage of the Muslim navy, but could harass smaller parties of Muslim ships and Saladin decided to clear it from his path. Auch Saladin selbst zog diese Parallelen. It is also known as the Battle of the Horns of Hattin, due to the shape of the nearby extinct volcano of Kurûn Hattîn. 575 AH (1179/1180) in Sham), al-Muḥsin Zahir al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad (b. Rabi I 577 AH (July/August 1181) in Egypt), al-Mu‘aẓẓam Fakhr al-Din Abu Mansur Turanshah, (b. Rabi I 577 AH (July/August 1181) in Egypt), al-Jawwād Rukn al-Din Abu Sa'id Ayyub (b. Rabi I 578 AH (July/August 1182)), al-Ghālib Nasir al-Din Abu al-Fath Malikshah (b. Rajab 578 AH (November/December 1182)), al-Manṣūr Abu Bakr (b. after Saladin's death (1193) in Harran), Saladin is a playable leader in several instalments of the, This page was last edited on 2 April 2021, at 23:40. ): Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 21. Saladin sent out 500 skirmishers to harass their forces, and he himself marched to Ain Jalut. However, the original sarcophagus was not replaced; instead, the mausoleum, which is open to visitors, now has two sarcophagi: the marble one placed on the side and the original wooden one, which covers Saladin's tomb. Imad ad-Din wrote that after the brief mourning period for Shirkuh, during which "opinions differed", the Zengid emirs decided upon Saladin and forced the caliph to "invest him as vizier". The emirs of Mardin and Keyfa, the Muslim allies of Aleppo, also recognised Saladin as the King of Syria. He is widely revered as the ideal of a Warrior-King – fierce in battle and generous to his enemies. Saddam Hussein ließ sich als gleichrangiger Nachfolger Nebukadnezars, Harun al-Rashids und Saladins feiern. Freude, Sultan! Dort belohnte er treue Anhänger, die auch in kritischen Situationen der Kriegsjahre stets loyal geblieben waren. [17][18] 1174 überwarf er sich mit Nur ad-Din. Es fiel dadurch propagandistisch nutzbar mit Saladins 800. [77] Raqqa was an important crossing point and held by Qutb al-Din Inal, who had lost Manbij to Saladin in 1176. Saladin’s … "[77] Meanwhile, in Aleppo, the emir of the city Zangi raided Saladin's cities to the north and east, such as Balis, Manbij, Saruj, Buza'a, al-Karzain. Although the Ayyubid dynasty that he founded would only outlive him by 57 years, the legacy of Saladin within the Arab World continues to this day. Jahrhunderts“ und ließ 1993 in Damaskus ein Saladin-Denkmal mit überlebensgroßen Figuren aufstellen. The image of Saladin they used was the romantic one created by Walter Scott and other Europeans in the West at the time. Um Jerusalem zu erobern, zog der englische König Richard Löwenherz 1191 mit seinem Heer bis vor Jaffa. [97], In July 1187, Saladin captured most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. With the rise of Arab nationalism in the 20th Century, particularly with regard to the Arab–Israeli conflict, Saladin's heroism and leadership gained a new significance. By 1182, Saladin had completed the conquest of Muslim Syria after capturing Aleppo, but ultimately failed to take over the Zengid stronghold of Mosul. Personal Life & Legacy Der hölzerne mit eingelegten geometrischen Mustern und Inschriften gilt als der originale. [77] Prior to his march to Jazira, tensions had grown between the Zengid rulers of the region, primarily concerning their unwillingness to pay deference to Mosul. Upon seeing the large size of Saladin's army, he made little effort to resist and surrendered on the condition that he would retain his property. Alle an die Christen erinnernden Inschriften wurden beseitigt. When Saladin received its surrender, he proceeded to arrange the defense of Harim from the Crusaders. Sultan Saladin ist einer der berühmtesten Feldherrn und Herrscher der arabisch-islamischen Geschichte. Sein Verhältnis zu Richard Löwenherz war trotz der militärischen Gegnerschaft von großem gegenseitigem Respekt geprägt. Anweisungen, die Saladin im Oktober 1192 gab, zeigen einige Maximen für die Erziehung seiner Söhne: Gott stets zu fürchten und zu ehren, Blutvergießen zu vermeiden und lieber zu verhandeln und zu überzeugen, sich mit dem Wohlergehen der Untertanen zu beschäftigen sowie die militärische und die zivile Elite gut zu behandeln, um sich deren Unterstützung zu sichern. The dynasty, under their Sultan’s leadership, was successful in conquering and uniting Syria, and recapturing Palestine, after it was held by the Crusaders for eighty-eight years. Das wirtschaftlich starke Ägypten dagegen blieb der ungeliebte, aber reiche Geldgeber für Saladins ständige Kriege. Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād (439/1145–632/1235): Ibn-al-Aṯīr, ʿIzz-ad-Dīn Abu-'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī (1160–1233); Donald S. Richards: A. Wieczorek, M. Fansa, H. Meller (Hrsg. Richard suggested that his niece Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany be the bride instead, an idea that Saladin also rejected. Zwischen den Kriegszügen kümmerte er sich selbst darum, war er unterwegs, übernahmen Tutoren diese Aufgabe, und Saladin wurde durch Kuriere auf dem Laufenden gehalten. Ihr Tod wurde ihm aus Sorge um seinen seelischen Zustand bis zum März 1186 verheimlicht, und er schrieb ihr vom Krankenlager aus eigenhändig mehrere Briefe. [127] Saladin in turn stated that there was not a more honorable Christian lord than Richard. [16] Kairos Zitadelle und Stadtmauer ließ er ausbauen, ein strategisches und ideologisches Zeichen für die sunnitisch ausgerichtete Macht der Ayyubiden über Ägypten. Im Gegensatz zu den katholischen Kreuzfahrern und deren Nachkommen hatten die orientalischen Christen unter Saladin nichts zu befürchten. [58][59], Saladin had his guards supplied with link lights and had chalk and cinders strewed around his tent outside Masyaf—which he was besieging—to detect any footsteps by the Assassins. Siehe Anne-Marie Eddé: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Artikel/Artikelanfang im Internet-Archive, „Der Sultan starb nach der Stunde des Morgensgebetes, am Mittwoch, den 27. Saladin(im Hereintreten). [54], After his victory against the Zengids, Saladin proclaimed himself king and suppressed the name of as-Salih in Friday prayers and Islamic coinage. [4] His family was most likely of Kurdish ancestry,[5][6][7][8] and had originated from the village of Ajdanakan[6] near the city of Dvin in central Armenia. Heavily outnumbered, Saladin initially attempted to make terms with the Zengids by abandoning all conquests north of the Damascus province, but they refused, insisting he return to Egypt. Saladin played a major role, commanding the right wing of the Zengid army, while a force of Kurds commanded the left, and Shirkuh was stationed in the center. [4][33] Maimonides, sein Leibarzt, war damals nicht anwesend. Gegen wen genau war Sultan Saladin? He united the Muslim territories and succeeded … The agreement was read out through the streets of Jerusalem so that everyone might within forty days provide for himself and pay to Saladin the agreed tribute for his freedom. In response, Saladin built a fleet of 30 galleys to attack Beirut in 1182. [94] By late April, after three days of "actual fighting", according to Saladin, the Ayyubids had captured Amid. [20], After the sacking of Bilbais, the Crusader-Egyptian force and Shirkuh's army were to engage in the Battle of al-Babein on the desert border of the Nile, just west of Giza. Sultan Saladin ist der sympathische Held, als den sich der Westen einen muslimischen Kämpfer wünscht E r hat alles, was einen Mythos ausmacht, der Mann aus dem Morgenland. Geburtsjahr zusammen. Saladin, the Western name for the ruler Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub, was the great Muslim general who confronted the Crusaders in the Near East. In return for a diploma granting him the city, Nur al-Din swore allegiance to Saladin, promising to follow him in every expedition in the war against the Crusaders, and repairing damage done to the city. 2014 begrüßte der ehemalige Rektor der Al-Azhar-Universität den ägyptischen Präsidenten Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi als Nachfolger Saladins, der Jerusalem erobern werde. Er ging als „ritterlicher Gegner“ und „Urbild des edlen Heiden“ in die europäische Geschichtsschreibung ein, obwohl er etwa nach der Schlacht bei Hattin die überlebenden Ordensritter (bis auf den Templermeister) hinrichten und die übrigen Gefangenen in die Sklaverei verkaufen ließ. Der Dritte Kreuzzug war ein Kriegszug, zu dem der Papst in einer Bulle die Königreiche des Abendlandes aufrief, nachdem Sultan Saladin das Kreuzfahrerheer des Königreichs Jerusalem besiegt und die Stadt Jerusalem erobert hatte. [36], During the summer of 1173, a Nubian army along with a contingent of Armenian refugees were reported on the Egyptian border, preparing for a siege against Aswan. [34] Nach Saladins Willen erhielten seine drei ältesten Söhne Damaskus, Kairo und Aleppo, Saladins Bruder al-Adil den Rest. Seeing the execution of Raynald, he feared he would be next. [61] The 280 feet (85 m) deep Bir Yusuf ("Joseph's Well") was built on Saladin's orders. This time, Egyptian forces advanced from Aswan and captured the Nubian town of Ibrim. The Zengid army's camp, horses, baggage, tents and stores were seized by the Ayyubids. Saladin (arabisch صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيّوب الدوينيّ Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ad-Dawīnī, DMG Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf b. Aiyūb ad-Dawīnī ‚Heil der Religion, Yusuf, Sohn Ayyubs aus Dwin‘[2] mit dem Titel al-Malik an-Nasir / الملك الناصر / al-Malik an-Nāṣir / ‚der siegreiche Herrscher‘; geboren 1137/1138[3] in Tikrit; gestorben am 3. On 25 September, Saladin's siege force was positioned, ironically, at the spot from where the knights of the First Crusade had attacked the city 88 years ago. Although the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem continued to exist until the late 13th century, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslim powers of the region. Die zu hohen Posten gekommenen Mitglieder seiner Familie dienten dem Heranwachsenden als Vorbilder: sein Vater Nadschmuddin Ayyub, sein Onkel Schirkuh, der Bruder seiner Mutter Schihab ad-Din al-Harimi, und sein älterer Bruder Turan Schah. Frühzeitig wurden die Söhne im Umgang mit Waffen trainiert und als Beobachter auf Kriegszüge mitgenommen. Muslims were now the largest military power in the Holy Land. The latter demanded that Nur al-Din return the lands given to him as a dowry for marrying his daughter when he received reports that she was being abused and used to gain Seljuk territory. 38–39. Seeing that confrontation was unavoidable, Saladin prepared for battle, taking up a superior position at the Horns of Hama, hills by the gorge of the Orontes River. After Shawar was assassinated and Shirkuh died in 1169, al-Adid appointed Saladin vizier, a rare nomination of a Sunni Muslim to such an important position in the Isma'ili Shia caliphate. [20] 1193 in Damaskus) war ab 1169 Wesir und ab 1171 Sultan von Ägypten sowie ab 1174 auch Herrscher von Syrien (Damaskus). Erst der Dritte Kreuzzug konnte ihn daran hindern, die Kreuzfahrerstaaten vollständig zu vernichten. So berief er Baha ad-Din als Professor an die schafiitische Hochschule, die er wiederbelebt hatte. Dabei wandelte sich sein Bild vom grausamen Gegner zum ritterlichen, tugendhaften Herrscher und Feldherrn. Jahrhundert auch ein neues Interesse der Muslime an den Kreuzzügen. Allerdings gelten dieser guten Glaubens (bona fide) in vielfältigen Formen tradierte Brief und Saladins Antwortbrief ursprünglich als englische Fälschungen. Saladin's intimates accused Majd al-Din of misappropriating the revenues of Zabid, but Saladin himself believed there was no evidence to back the allegations. Saladin and Shirkuh moved towards Alexandria where they were welcomed, given money, arms and provided a base. ).Meine Empfehlung zu diesem Thema: schau dir den film Königreich d He began granting his family members high-ranking positions in the region; he ordered the construction of a college for the Maliki branch of Sunni Islam in the city, as well as one for the Shafi'i denomination to which he belonged in al-Fustat. After establishing a garrison at Sinjar, he awaited a coalition assembled by Izz al-Din consisting of his forces, those from Aleppo, Mardin, and Armenia. Prince of Chivalri, De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum, Saladin: The Sultan and His Times, 1138–1193, Richard and Saladin: Warriors of the Third Crusade, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saladin&oldid=1015694804, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Kurdish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles needing additional references from March 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, al-Ẓāfir Muzaffar al-Din Abu al-Abbas Khidr (b. [85], As Saladin approached Mosul, he faced the issue of taking over a large city and justifying the action. Previously, Saladin offered to mediate relations between Nur al-Din and Kilij Arslan II—the Seljuk sultan of Rûm—after the two came into conflict. Im Nahen Osten erwachte das Interesse an Saladin erst gegen Ende des 19. und ihr gemeinsamer Besuch des Saladin-Mausoleums in Damaskus im Jahr 1898, wobei der Kaiser Saladins historische Bedeutung rühmte und sich und Deutschland als Freunde aller Muslime darstellte. The Crusader force enjoyed early success against Shirkuh's troops, but the terrain was too steep and sandy for their horses, and commander Hugh of Caesarea was captured while attacking Saladin's unit. [citation needed], Following the failure of his Kerak sieges, Saladin temporarily turned his attention back to another long-term project and resumed attacks on the territory of ʻIzz ad-Dīn (Masʻūd ibn Mawdūd ibn Zangi), around Mosul, which he had begun with some success in 1182. [10] Saladin verließ diesen Dienst aber wieder aus Protest gegen Betrügereien in der Finanzverwaltung und kehrte in den Militärdienst zurück. According to Abu Shama, he intended to spend the fast of Ramadan in Egypt and then make the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca in the summer. al-Adil I. War er gegen die Christen oder gegen die Muslime? [112], The armies of Saladin engaged in combat with the army of King Richard at the Battle of Arsuf on 7 September 1191, at which Saladin's forces suffered heavy losses and were forced to withdraw. [106] In particular, the residents of Ashkelon, a large Jewish settlement, responded to his request. Saladin gave a loud cry, exclaiming that Sinan himself was the figure that had left the tent. Saladin agreed to a truce with Bohemond in return for Muslim prisoners being held by him and then he gave A'zaz to Alam ad-Din Suleiman and Aleppo to Saif al-Din al-Yazkuj—the former was an emir of Aleppo who joined Saladin and the latter was a former mamluk of Shirkuh who helped rescue him from the assassination attempt at A'zaz. Ort der Handlung ist Jerusalem im Jahr 1192 nach dem Dritten Kreuzzug. The modern view of Saladin originates mainly from these texts. Saladin als einen „der ritterlichsten Herrscher aller Zeiten“ und als „Ritter ohne Furcht und Tadel, der oft seine Gegner die rechte Art des Rittertums lehren mußte“.[63]. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Dies dürfte jedoch eine Legende sein, die später von christlichen Troubadouren verbreitet wurde. [8], 1152 wurde Saladin im Alter von vierzehn Jahren von Nur ad-Din in Aleppo in den Militärdienst übernommen und erhielt ein eigenes Lehen. Although his deputies continued to send him revenues from the province, centralized authority was lacking and internal quarrel arose between Izz al-Din Uthman of Aden and Hittan of Zabid. Zentrales… The combined forces of Mosul and Aleppo marched against Saladin in Hama. Al-Adid's advisers were also suspected of promoting Saladin in an attempt to split the Syria-based Zengids. [79] She did not have children. al-Aziz | [76], Kukbary (Muzaffar ad-Din Gökböri), the emir of Harran, invited Saladin to occupy the Jazira region, making up northern Mesopotamia. "[99][100], Saladin had captured almost every Crusader city. Saladin ist der Sultan und hat gerade die Herrschaft über die Stadt Jerusalem inne. Seine Tochter heiratete seinen Neffen al-Malik al-Kamil. Mit der Angliederung von Aleppo im Jahr 1183 und – nach schwerer Krankheit[22][23] – auch von Mossul im Jahr 1186 hatte Saladin die Macht, das Königreich Jerusalem erneut anzugreifen und sein propagandistisch größtes Ziel zu erreichen,[24] die Rückeroberung von dessen Hauptstadt und darüber hinaus die Wiederherstellung des islamischen Großreiches unter seiner Führung. [82] The people of Aleppo had not known about these negotiations and were taken by surprise when Saladin's standard was hoisted over the citadel. Nach dem er seine Feinde im muslimischen Lager besiegt hatte, widmete Saladin sich den Kreuzfahrerstaaten. Die Karawane von Kahira kommt, Ist glü… Although positions were complicated by rival Muslim leaders, the bulk of the Syrian commanders supported Saladin because of his role in the Egyptian expedition, in which he gained a record of military qualifications.
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